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CHEMISTRY FORMULAE updated 9-23-2007

GASES, LIQUIDS, SOLUTIONS PV = nRT (P + n^2a) (V-nb) = nRT V^2 PA = Ptotal ^. XA Ptotal = PA + PB + PC + .. n = m M Kelvin = ^oC + 273 P1V1 = P2V2 V1 = V2 T1 T2 P1 V1 = P2 V2 T1 T2

d = m V urms = (3kt)^½ = (3RT)^½ m M KEper molecule = mv^2 2 KE per mole = 3RTn 2 r1 = ( M2)^½ r2 (M1)^½ M, molarity = moles solute liter of solution molality = moles of solute kg of solvent DTf = iKf · molality DTb = iKb · molality p = nRTi V

P = pressure V = volume T = Temperature n = number of moles d = density m = mass v = velocity where XA = moles A total moles urms = root-mean-square-root KE = Kinetic energy r = rate of effusion M = Molar mass p = osmotic pressure i = van’t Hoff factor Kf = molal freezing point constant Kb = molal boiling point constant Q = reaction quotient I =current in amperes q = charge in coulombs t = time E^o = standard reduction potential K = equilibrium constant

R, Gas constant = 8.31 joules mole ^.kelvin = 0.0821 liter atm mole kelvin = 8.31 volts coulombs mole kelvin Boltzmann’s constant,k = 1.38 x 10^-^23 joule K Kf water = 1.86 Kelvin /molal Kb water = 0.512 Kelvin /molal STP = 0.00 ^oC and 1.00 atm (101.3 kpa) 1 faraday Á = 96,500 coulombs/ mole of electrons

CHEMISTRY FORMULAE Updated 9-23-2007

ATOMIC STRUCTURE DE = h n or DE = h f c = n l or c = f l l = h m v p = m v En = -2.178 x 10^-18 joule n^2

E = energy n = frequency or f = frequency l = wavelength p = momentum v = velocity n = principal quantum number c = speed of light 3.00 x 10^8 m/s h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 x 10^-^34joule s k = Boltzmann’ constant = 1.38 x 10^-23 joule/K Avogardor’s number = 6.02 x 10^23 molecules/mole e = electron charge = -1.602 x 10^-19 coulomb 1 electron volt/atom = 96.5 x 10^23 kj/mole

OXIDATION-REDUCTION ELECTROCHEMISTRY Q = [C]^c[D]^d [A]^a[B]^b where a B + b B Û c C + d D I = q/t I = amperes, q = charge in coulombs, t = time in seconds. Ecell = E^ocell -RT lnQ = E^ocell - 0.0592 log Q @ 25^oC nÁ n log K = nE^o 0.0592 1 Faraday Á = 96,500 coulombs/mole

EQUILIBRIUM Kw = 1 x 10^-^14 at 25^oC pH = -log[H^+]; pOH = -log[OH^-] pH + pOH = 14 pH = pKa + log [A^-^1] [HA] pOH = pKb + log [HB^+] [B] pKa = -logKa, pKb = -logKb Kp = Kc (RT)^D^n Dn = moles product gas - moles reactant gas

EQUILIBIRUM TERMS Ka = weak acid Kb = weak base Kw = water Kp = gas pressure Kc = molar concentration

Kinetics Equations Ao - A = kt where Ao is initial concentration or amount. ln Ao = kt A 1 – 1 = kt A Ao Ln k2 = Ea (1 - 1) Ln k1 R (T1 T2)

THERMOCHEMISTRY DS^o = åDS^o products - åDS^o reactants DH^o = åDH^oproducts - åDH^o reactants DG^o = åDG^oproducts - åDG^o reactants DG^o = DH^o - TDS^o DG^o = -RT lnK = -2.303 RT log K DG^o = -nÁE^o DG = DG^o + RT lnQ = DG^o + 2.303 RT log Q q = m c DT Cp = DH DT q = mHf q = mHv.

S^o = standard entropy H^o = standard enthalpy G^o = standard free energy E^o = standard reduction potential T = temperature q = heat c = specific heat capacity Cp = molar heat capacity at constant pressure 1 faraday Á = 96,500 coulombs/mole cwater = 4.18 joule g K Hf = 330 joules for water gram Hv = 2260 joules for water gram

PHYSICS FORMULAE UPDATE 9-23-2007

Mechanics v = Ds Dt v = vf + vi 2 a = Dv Dt Ds = viDt + a(Dt)^2 2 vf^2 = vi^2 -2aDs F = ma w = mg F = Gm1m2 r^2 r = mv J = FDt FDt = mDv m = Ff /FN.	a = acceleration r = distance between centers F = force g = acceleration due to gravity G = universal Gravitation constant J = impulse m = mass r = momentum Ds = displacement t = time v = velocity w = weight m = coefficient of sliding friction	ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM F= kq1q2 r^2 E = F q V = W q E = V d I = Dq Dt R = V I P = IV = I^2R = V^2 R W = Pt = VIt= I^2Rt Series circuit It = I1 = I2 = I3 =.. Vt = V1+ V2 + V3 + .. Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + … Parallel Circuits: It = I1 + I2 + I3 + … Vt = V1 = V2 = V3 = … 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 ..+ Rt R1 R2 R3		E = electric filed intensity I = current k = electrostatic constant P = Power q = charge R = resistance V = electric potential difference W = energy
ENERGY W = FDs P = W = FDs = Fv Dt Dt DPE = mgDh KE = mv^2 2 F = kx PE s = kx^2 2	h = height k = spring constant KE = kinetic energy PE = potential energy PEs= potential energy stored in a spring P = power W = work x = change in spring length from the equilibrium position	MOTION IN A PLANE ac = v^2 r Fc = mv^2 r 1 revolution = 2 p radians = 360^o. 1 radian = 360^o 2 p t = r x F	ac = centripetal acceleration Fc = centripetal force t = Torque

Physics Formulae Updated 9-23-2007

HEAT ENERGY Q = mcDt Qf = mHf Qv = mHv DL = aLDt

c = specific heat Hf = heat of fusion Hv = heat of vaporization Q = amount of heat t = temperature a = coefficient of linear expansion L = length cwater = 4.18 joule g K

ELECTROMAGNETIC APPLICATIONS F = Bqv F = BiL V = BLv Np = Vp Ns Vs VPIP = VsIs (ideal) % Efficiency =VsIs x 100 VpIp

B = flux density Ip = current in primary coil Is = current in secondary coil Np = number of turns of primary coil Ns = number of turns of secondary coil Vp = voltage of primary coil Vs = voltage of secondary coil L = length of conductor V = electric potential difference

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